The Lonely Toiling :: Philosophy Money Papers

The Lonely Toiling My favorite book has always been A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens. This work has an element of self-reinvention that I find attractive. Few themes are as interesting for me as the theme of a man or a woman, by strength of will, changing his or her stars and defying the convoluted schemes of the Fates. In this regard, I feel a special appreciation for Charles Dickens’ work because Ebenezer Scrooge is not reinventing himself for the sake of material gain; the sole purpose of Scrooge’s transformation is redemption. Dickens constructs a dichotomy in Scrooge’s situation that is unrivalled among literary characters. Ebenezer Scrooge is a man whose driving motivation is to cultivate affluence and wealth, yet these seemingly beneficial things are what cause him to lose his humanity and suffer boundless misery and loneliness. As such, the story of Scrooge is a paradox in kind, where the striving for money and the attainment of happiness are not synchronous. Perhaps the reason that I feel so drawn to the character of Ebenezer Scrooge is that I also suffer greatly from this paradox. I stand at the forefront of those about to join the Investment Banking workforce; security and power are the guaranteed welcome mats. However, I cannot help but ponder all the personal sacrifice that this entry shall entail. The hundred-hour workweeks and the burgeoning pressure from superiors will make it all but impossible for me to foster a family or retain any semblance of a social life. Thus, as for Robert Frost, two paths have converged in the woods for me, and I need to choose the one that I shall travel by. To help guide me in this reconciliation between the personal and the professional, I am visited by my own respective literary ghosts of Christmas past, present, and future. I. The ghost of Christmas past arrives to me in the guise of Karl Marx. A short, stocky German man with a thick beard and ruddy eyes, he takes me back to nineteenth century Belgium at the onset of the Industrial Revolution. I view workers toiling over produce that is ultimately taxed out of their hands. I witness the extent to which man is degraded as I look upon the rampant cannibalism caused by the extreme disparity between poverty and wealth. As I struggle to grasp the reasoning behind these sights, Marx explains: The worker becomes poorer the more wealth he produces, the more his production increases in power and extent.

St Jude Childrens Research Hospital Health And Social Care Essay

St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital is a not-for-profit infirmary located in the bosom of Memphis, Tennessee. It is an internationally recognized infirmary that pioneered research determination remedies and salvaging kids with malignant neoplastic disease and other ruinous diseases. It treats patients from all 50 provinces and around the universe, without respect to ability to pay, ne'er necessitating households to pay for intervention non covered by insurance ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . St. Jude remains the first and merely paediatric malignant neoplastic disease centre designated as a Comprehensive Cancer Center by the National Cancer Institute ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . It is presently ranked foremost in Children ‘s Hospitals for malignant neoplastic disease attention ( U.S. News and World Report, 2010 ) . St Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital encompasses an extended and impressive mission, vision, and set of values. The mission of St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital is to progress remedies, and agencies of bar, for paediatric ruinous diseases through research and intervention. Consistent with the vision of our laminitis Danny Thomas, no kid is denied intervention based on race, faith, or a household ‘s ability to pay. ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) St. Jude has a vision to be a universe leader in the intervention and bar of ruinous diseases in kids ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . They aim to run into this by supplying exceeding patient attention and extended clinical research to better understand the ruinous diseases of childhood, enhance results of intervention, prevent diseases, minimize hurtful effects of intervention, and educate health care and research professionals on such findings ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . The overall end of these undertakings is to happen a remedy and heighten the quality of life for the kids they treat. To make a larger part of the affected population, they work to spread out and portion this cognition to heighten the intervention of kids with ruinous diseases worldwide, working towards a scheme for disease bar ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . St. Jude extremely values their patients, households, and givers that enable them to move out their Mission. To adequately adopt their Mission and vision, the organisation has outlined an expressed set of values and criterions to steer their day-to-day actions and determinations. To guarantee attachment, ongoing preparation and rating is conducted ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . The values include: advancing ethical behaviour, supplying the highest quality of medical and supportive family-centered attention, esteeming ethical, cultural, spiritual, and lifestyle differences of all those involved in the infirmary, advancing wise disbursement of every dollar donated back to the attention and research for the patients it treats, keeping a committedness to a civilization of excellence, invention, and creativeness in all that they do, holding a thrust and sense of urgency to win, being honest and accountable for actions and determinations, and cultivation of an env ironment of trust, teamwork, and regard ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . St. Jude does a antic occupation adhering to their Mission, vision, and values as noted through their increased endurance rate of all paediatric malignant neoplastic diseases, high quality attention, repeated ranking of the figure one infirmary for paediatric malignant neoplastic disease attention, and run intoing fiscal demands of the constitution with ne'er inquiring households to pay for interventions that insurance fails to cover. This last part has remained highly of import to the infirmary since first gap as most patients who enter through infirmary doors have already maxed out their life-time insurance caps and lack the support to go on paying for the apparently eternal infirmary measures ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . To be accepted as a patient at St. Jude, a kid must hold a diagnosing particular to a current disease in survey and be referred by doctors. The patient must be no older than 18 and by and large non hold received extended intervention elsewhere. ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . While the St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital campus is an independent wellness attention system, their ace research integrates them with kids ‘s infirmaries throughout the universe ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . St. Jude conducts all research and primary surveies within their campus but freely portions this research with infirmaries throughout the universe ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . Because of this cooperation, there is minimum fight from other installations but instead a system that works together for the interest of the kids enduring from ruinous diseases. St. Jude is the national coordinating centre for the Pediat ric Brain Tumor Consortium and the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . On top of the exceeding research and attention provided for paediatric malignant neoplastic disease, St. Jude is a leader in reaping hook cell disease research and has become a primary research centre for grippe throughout the universe ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . St. Jude is internationally recognized for open uping the research and intervention of paediatric patients enduring from malignant neoplastic disease and other ruinous diseases ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . Because of the work St. Jude has done, research protocols have helped to force overall survival rates of childhood malignant neoplastic disease from less than 20 per centum when the infirmary opened, to over 80 per centum today ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . They have treated patients from across the Earth that are accepted and respected without respect to ethnicity and cultural differences ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . St. Jude has impacted the households by supplying hope to households with a inexorable forecast, deficiency of funding, and nowhere else to turn. St. Jude is the exclusive paediatric malignant neoplastic disease research centre that accepts patients without respect to ability to pay. Families are ne'er asked to pay for intervention non covered by insurance, and no kid is denied intervention because of inability to pay. ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . The American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities ( ALSAC ) has been the sole fund-raising organisation of St. Jude since 1957, assisting raise financess to construct the constitution with laminitis Danny Thomas and his vision ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . In the 2009 Fiscal Year, ALSAC raised $ 682 million through voluntaries, corporate spouses, and givers to run into the day-to-day St. Jude runing cost of $ 1.5 million a twenty-four hours ( ALSAC/St. Jude Annual Report, 2009 ) . These operating costs include patient attention services, research outgos, instruction, preparation, and community services to suit staff and disposal of the infirmary. Patient attention services include all attention needed for active patients. This can include medical attention and life outgos for patients and households. Most patients are treated on an outpatient footing in the St. Jude clinics and are housed at one of the three lodging organisations in Memphis affiliated with St. Jude ( Target House, Grizzly House, Ronald McDonald House ) . Once remittal is achieved intervention can be transferred to a physician in the patient ‘s place community in coaction with St. Jude protocols ( ALSAC/St. Jude Annual Report, 2009 ) . In add-on to ALSAC, St. Jude has over 60 corporate spouses including: Target, the NFL, The Memphis Grizzlies, Kay Jewelers, and Chili ‘s, ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . In add-on to their corporate spouses, single givers and organisations help financially back up the work of St. Jude ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . Extra influences on St. Jude Chil dren ‘s Research Hospital include the American Medical Association and American Nursing Association who serve to steer the physicians and nurses employed by the infirmary. The policy and ordinance of St. Jude is in conformity with research policies nationwide to guarantee the safety of patients with the possible benefit of intervention outweighing the hazard. The infirmary adheres to put protocols in survey and merely deviates from them should extensive research prove the divergence to be more good and scientifically supported ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . The system at St. Jude is extremely supported by holding the research institute under the same roof as the patients with the scientists actively involved in the patient program of attention. In add-on to these ordinances, St. Jude has policies in topographic point to forestall infection spread to patients who are immunocompromised. These include non leting visitants under the age of 12, testing for illness prior to visiting, proper hand-washing instruction, and non leting visitants who have late received the rhinal flu vaccinum or unwritten infantile paralysis vaccinum with in the past four hebdomads. These policies guarantee the safety and overall wellbeing of their patients ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . The organisation of St. Jude Children ‘s Hospital is based on the vision of laminitis Danny Thomas to make a infirmary handling kids with ruinous diseases so no kid has to decease in the morning of life ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . In partnering with ALSAC, Danny Thomas was able to obtain support necessary to make this infirmary from the land up and work to make an environment welcoming to all who enter. His vision included a infirmary where kids did n't experience threatened by attention suppliers, where physicians and research workers ate alongside of patients, a infirmary where patients were allowed to go on their childhood while combating ruinous diseases ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . Harmonizing to Henry Mintzberg, an organisation can dwell of a upper limit of six parts including the strategic vertex ( top direction ) , the in-between line ( in-between directors ) , the operating nucleus ( primary workers ) , the technostructure ( workers who standardize and better work ) , the support staff ( those who work outside of the primary flow ) , and the political orientation ( beliefs, traditions, norms, values, and civilization ) ( Value Based Management, 2010 ) . The undermentioned diagram depicts the Mintzberg organisational construction of St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital and is explained below. ( Proven Models, 2010 ) The strategic vertex of St. Jude consists of the Boards of Directors and Governors for ALSAC-St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital. The Board is responsible for regulating the organisations by set uping policies and aims, choosing, naming, back uping, and reexamining the public presentation of the Chief Executive Officers, sing the handiness of equal fiscal resources, O.K.ing one-year budgets and strategic planning, and accounting for the moralss, conformity, and public presentation of the organisations ( St. Jude Children ‘s Research Hospital, 2010 ) . Below them St. Jude has the in-between line operations dwelling of the Chief Executive Officers, Senior Management Team, and the Executive Committee that straight oversee the operating nucleus. At the bosom of the infirmary are the operating nucleus of doctors, research and development squad, advanced pattern nurses, nurses, certified nursing helpers, child life specializers, psychologists, and households who collaborate to supply equal family-centered attention. The Support Staff of St. Jude consist of ALSAC as the primary fundraising organisation, the administrative organic structure, the environmental service employees, the cafeteria, the public dealingss section assisting advocator for ALSAC fund-raising enterprises, the Target, Grizzly, and Ronald McDonald houses and staff people, the ethical and legal commissions, and voluntaries who help throughout the infirmary. The technostructure of St. Jude consists of the specially named Faculty and Adjunct Faculty that standardize research in coaction with attention provided to patients. It besides includes the external advisory boards that help to standardise protocols and guarantee they are accessible and clearly stated to be shared worldwide. St. Jude has a surprisingly big technostructure of employees who work to standardise attention throughout the infirmary with respect to singularity of each patient in the research surveies. Any divergences from standardized attention are backed through the research conducted on the St. Jude campus. Because of this, the infirmary would be classified as a Machine Bureaucracy that has all constituents present and strong in their operation and passage towards the campus. The nursing function that will specifically be analyzed is the function of the Pediatric Acute Care Nurse Practitioner. Unfortunately, this function is non presently available at St. Jude Children ‘s Hospital and hence no specific occupation description or rubric is available for the specific function at St. Jude. Harmonizing to the National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners ( NAPNAP ) , the Pediatric Acute Care Nurse Practitioner ( PNP-AC ) would work to supply direct patient attention direction, execute in-depth physical appraisals, interpret lab and diagnostic trials, order mediations, and execute curative interventions for kids who are acutely, inveterate, and critically ill ( NAPNAP, 2005 ) . The PNP-AC would be licensed as a registered nurse in the United States with a alumnus grade in nursing through an commissioned plan, and certified by the Pediatric Nurse Certification Board as a Certified Pediatric Nurse Practitioner – Acute Care ( PNCB, 2010 ) . To go certified one must run into certain competences and go through a board scrutiny that meets the National Council of State Boards of Nursing APRN standards ( PNCB, 2010 ) . To keep enfranchisement, one must finish go oning instruction hours and/or re-certification every three to five old ages, or as deemed by the organisation and province board of nursing ( PNCB, 2010 ) . The function of the PNP-AC would fall within the operating nucleus of the infirmary. They would work in coaction with other Physicians and Researchers at St. Jude to make a comprehensive program of attention for the patients. This would maintain everyone working towards the same end and guarantee overall patient wellbeing. They would besides work with the nurses, nursing helpers, child life specializers, and other healers to maintain them informed of advancement or hardships the patient may meet, and assist them understand the attentions that need to be provided to guarantee success of intervention protocols. They would besides work with unit directors and nursing managers should jobs or inquiries arise. They will be able to confer with with the in-between line direction or technostructure forces should inquiries or concerns arise. They would besides work with changing support staff members for outreach, dietetic consults and education-oriented undertakings. This function would strai ght interact with patients and households through their mundane undertakings. They may make outreach into the community, and behavior instruction for consumers and remunerators on current progresss the infirmary is doing. They would besides indirectly work with human resources and the finance section to obtain their payroll check. The function of the PNP-AC is really independent in impacting patient attention and results. They can name and handle conditions, prescribe medicines, obtain necessary consults and interpret consequences of ordered trials. They would supervise the advancement of attention and intervene should any alarming findings be made in response to the protocol under survey. The function would be strong in the sense that they are an independent and an independent member of the health care bringing squad that is capable of supplying a high-level of attention to patients. They have strong patient interaction accomplishments and a comprehensive cognition of attention that should be provided by the nurses. They are best able to understand the function of the nurse and depute appropriate undertakings to other members of the health care squad. The function weaknesses include the opportunity that they may non be as extremely respected as doctors or physician helpers, and the deficiency of advanced prep aration specifically in pathology and the physiology like doctors and physician helpers frequently have. Overall, the function of the PNP-AC would be a extremely operation advanced pattern function that can supply comprehensive and thorough attention to his or her patient ‘s and work as a productive member of the health care bringing squad.

The Most Important Discovery in the Last 100 Years

A lot of significant discoveries have been made over the past centuries. While various discoveries in astronomy, science, physics set our lives on entirely different course, I strongly believe that the discovery of the fist antibiotic, penicillin played a crucial role in the history of mankind. Firstly, before the discovery of penicillin some diseases were incurable and any wound could result in death because of bacteria. Though different methods in medicine were used to limit outbreaks and reduce the spread of diseases, researchers did not know how to kill bacteria that caused diseases. Invented by Alexander Fleming in 1928, penicillin cured a lot of diseases that had caused so much pain and suffering. For example, such illnesses as sepsis and pneumonia were fatal in the majority of cases. Penicillin became the fist drug to defeat those illnesses. Moreover, due the use of penicillin during World War II a tremendous amount of soldiers survived. Penicillin made a major difference in the number of deaths and amputations caused by infected wounds. This antibiotic was the most powerful, the least harmful and gave quick results. Though being the most limited cure, penicillin saved countless lives during the war. Last but not the least, penicillin played an important role in the increase of world life expectancy. It prevented population from the risk of getting the fatal diseases such as fevers, sepsis and pneumonia and reduced deaths at young ages. To illustrate this, the world life expectancy has doubled over the past two centuries from 45 years in 1920 up to 67 and more nowadays. Above all, a lot of other types of antibiotics were developed from penicillin, such as amoxicillin, which, in turn has treated other serious diseases and become innovation in medicine. To conclude, the invention of penicillin became a very important event in the history of medicine. The use of penicillin helped to save lives of many people and reduce the number of losses during World War II. It is impossible to imagine the modern life without antibiotics. Due to them people are not in danger of suffering from serious diseases as they were before the invention of the life-saving cure.

Free Essays on Structurs Of Resistance

The nature of interaction between traditional agrarian society and the ‘modern world’ has remained a controversial debate amongst anthropologists, sociologists and political theorists. It remains contentious as to whether the dominance of modern values over traditional is desirable; whether the arrival of the market and modern commerce betters or worsens the conditions of rural society and its relationship with the metropol; whether such change is received with apprehension or optimism by the members of rural society. Joel Migdal, for example, puts forth certain arguments proposing the concept of ‘culture contact’- ‘that exposure and contact are the causes of change.’ Migdal identifies three reasons suggesting why such change would be likely to occur: (1) The benefits of the modern far outweigh the benefits of the traditional. (2) The individual is free from severe institutional restraints which would prevent him from making an unimpeded decisio n. (3) Those individuals who select the new are rational and are optimisers, and those individuals who do not accept the modern fail to do so because of â€Å"wrong† or nonrational values.’ Most theorists, however, tend to agree that modern society, for good or bad, is clearly encroaching on traditional agrarian society and gradually moulding its values, economic systems and sociopolitical institutions into variants of the modern equivalent. However, this consensus fails to account for one extremely significant fact: that despite the overwhelming economic, political and cultural dominance of the modern world, traditional agrarian structures continue to persist in various forms: the feudal estates of Third World countries, plantations and latifundismos in Southern Italy and much of Latin America, and so on. The questions thus arise: why do such traditional social relations persist in spite of the modern impulse? Why do customs and rituals and social codes play such an i mportant part ... Free Essays on Structurs Of Resistance Free Essays on Structurs Of Resistance The nature of interaction between traditional agrarian society and the ‘modern world’ has remained a controversial debate amongst anthropologists, sociologists and political theorists. It remains contentious as to whether the dominance of modern values over traditional is desirable; whether the arrival of the market and modern commerce betters or worsens the conditions of rural society and its relationship with the metropol; whether such change is received with apprehension or optimism by the members of rural society. Joel Migdal, for example, puts forth certain arguments proposing the concept of ‘culture contact’- ‘that exposure and contact are the causes of change.’ Migdal identifies three reasons suggesting why such change would be likely to occur: (1) The benefits of the modern far outweigh the benefits of the traditional. (2) The individual is free from severe institutional restraints which would prevent him from making an unimpeded decisio n. (3) Those individuals who select the new are rational and are optimisers, and those individuals who do not accept the modern fail to do so because of â€Å"wrong† or nonrational values.’ Most theorists, however, tend to agree that modern society, for good or bad, is clearly encroaching on traditional agrarian society and gradually moulding its values, economic systems and sociopolitical institutions into variants of the modern equivalent. However, this consensus fails to account for one extremely significant fact: that despite the overwhelming economic, political and cultural dominance of the modern world, traditional agrarian structures continue to persist in various forms: the feudal estates of Third World countries, plantations and latifundismos in Southern Italy and much of Latin America, and so on. The questions thus arise: why do such traditional social relations persist in spite of the modern impulse? Why do customs and rituals and social codes play such an i mportant part ...

The Enormous Bronze Age Shang Dynasty Capital of Yin

The Enormous Bronze Age Shang Dynasty Capital of Yin Anyang is the name of a modern city in Henan Province of eastern China that contains the ruins of Yin, the massive capital city of the late Shang Dynasty (1554 -1045 BC). In 1899, hundreds of ornately carved tortoise shells and ox scapulas called oracle bones were found in Anyang. Full-scale excavations began in 1928, and since then, investigations by Chinese archaeologists have revealed nearly 25 square kilometers (~10 square miles) of the enormous capital city. Some of the English-language scientific literature refers to the ruins as Anyang, but its Shang Dynasty residents knew it as Yin. Founding Yin Yinxu (or the Ruins of Yin in Chinese) has been identified as the capital Yin described in Chinese records such as the Shi Ji, based on the inscribed oracle bones which (among other things) document the activities of the Shang royal house. Yin was founded as a small residential area on the south bank of the Huan River, a tributary of the Yellow River of central China. When it was founded, an earlier settlement called Huanbei (sometimes referred to as Huayuanzhuang) was located on the north side of the river. Huanbei was a Middle Shang settlement built around 1350 BC, and by 1250 covered an area of approximately 4.7 sq km (1.8 sq km), surrounded by a rectangular wall.​ An Urban City But in 1250 BC, Wu Ding, the 21st king of the Shang Dynasty {ruled 1250-1192 BC], made Yin his capital. Within 200 years, Yin had expanded into an enormous urban center, with an estimated population of somewhere between 50,000 and 150,000 people. The ruins include more than 100 pounded earth palace foundations, numerous residential neighborhoods, workshops and production areas, and cemeteries. The urban core of Yinxu is the palace-temple district at the core called Xiaotun, covering approximately 70 hectares (170 acres) and located at a bend in the river: it may have been separated from the rest of the city by a ditch. More than 50 rammed earth foundations were found here in the 1930s, representing several clusters of buildings which had been built and rebuilt during the citys use. Xiaotun had an elite residential quarter, administrative buildings, altars, and an ancestral temple. Most of the 50,000 oracle bones were found in pits in Xiaotun, and there were also numerous sacrificial pits containing human skeletons, animals, and chariots. Residential Workshops Yinxu is broken into several specialized workshop areas that contain evidence of jade artifact production, the bronze casting of tools and vessels, pottery making, and bone and turtle shell working. Multiple, massive bone and bronze working areas have been discovered, organized into a network of workshops that were under the control of a hierarchical lineage of families. Specialized neighborhoods in the city included Xiamintun and Miaopu, where bronze casting took place; Beixinzhuang where bone objects were processed; and Liujiazhuang North where serving and storage pottery vessels were made. These areas were both residential and industrial: for example, Liujiazhuang contained ceramic production debris and kilns, interspersed with rammed-earth house foundations, burials, cisterns, and other residential features. A major road led from Liujiazhuang to the Xiaotun palace-temple district. Liujiazhuang was likely a lineage-based settlement; its clan name was found inscribed on a bronze seal and bronze vessels in an associated cemetery. Death and Ritual Violence at Yinxu Thousands of tombs and pits containing human remains have been found at Yinxu, from massive, elaborate royal burials, aristocratic graves, common graves, and bodies or body parts in sacrificial pits. Ritual mass killings particularly associated with royalty were a common part of Late Shang society. From the oracle bone records, during Yins 200-year occupation more than 13,000 humans and many more animals were sacrificed. There were two types of state-supported human sacrifice documented in the oracle bone records found at Yinxu. Renxun or human companions referred to family members or servants killed as retainers at the death of an elite individual. They were often buried with elite goods in individual coffins or group tombs. Rensheng or human offerings were massive groups of people, often mutilated and decapitated, buried in large groups for the most part lacking grave goods. Rensheng and Renxun Archaeological evidence for human sacrifice at Yinxu is found in pits and tombs found across the entire city. In residential areas, sacrificial pits are small in scale, mostly animal remains with human sacrifices relatively rare, most with only one to three victims per event, although occasionally they had as many as 12. Those discovered at the royal cemetery or in the palace-temple complex have included up to several hundred human sacrifices at once. Rensheng sacrifices were made up of outsiders, and are reported in the oracle bones to have come from at least 13 different enemy groups. Over half of the sacrifices were said to have come from Qiang, and the largest groups of human sacrifices reported on the oracle bones always included some Qiang people. The term Qiang may have been a category of enemies located west of Yin rather than a particular group; little grave goods have been found with the burials. Systematic osteological analysis of the sacrifices has not been completed as of yet, but stable isotope studies among and between sacrificial victims were reported by bioarchaeologist Christina Cheung and colleagues in 2017; they found that the victims were indeed nonlocals. It is possible that rensheng sacrifice victims may have been slaves before their deaths; oracle bone inscriptions document the enslavement of the Qiang people and chronicling their involvement in productive labor. Inscriptions and Understanding Anyang Over 50,000 inscribed oracle bones and several dozen bronze-vessel inscriptions dated to the Late Shang period (1220-1050 BC) have been recovered from Yinxu. These documents, together with later, secondary texts, were used by British archaeologist Roderick Campbell to document in detail the political network at Yin. Yin was, like most Bronze Age cities in China, a kings city, built to the order of the king as a created center of political and religious activity. Its core was a royal cemetery and palace-temple area. The king was the lineage leader, and responsible for leading rituals involving his ancient ancestors and other living relations in his clan. In addition to reporting political events such as the numbers of sacrificial victims and to whom they were dedicated, the oracle bones report the kings personal and state concerns, from a toothache to crop failures to divination. Inscriptions also refer to schools at Yin, perhaps places for literacy training, or perhaps where trainees were taught to maintain divination records. Bronze Technology The Late Shang dynasty was at the apex of bronze making technology in China. The process used high-quality molds and cores, which were pre-cast to prevent shrinkage and breaking during the process. The molds were made of a fairly low percentage of clay and an accordingly high percentage of sand, and they were fired before use to produce a high resistance to thermal shock, low thermal conductivity, and a high porosity for adequate ventilation during casting. Several large bronze foundry sites have been found. The largest identified to date is the Xiaomintun site, covering a total area of over 5 ha (12 ac), up to 4 ha (10 ac) of which have been excavated. Archaeology in Anyang To date, there have been 15 seasons of excavations by Chinese authorities since 1928, including the Academia Sinica, and its successors the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. A joint Chinese-American project conducted excavations at Huanbei in the 1990s. Yinxu was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2006. Sources Campbell Roderick  B, Li Z, He Y, and Jing Y. 2011. Consumption, exchange and production at the Great Settlement Shang: bone-working at Tiesanlu, Anyang. Antiquity 85(330):1279-1297.Cheung C, Jing Z, Tang J, Weston DA, and Richards MP. 2017. Diets, social roles, and geographical origins of sacrificial victims at the royal cemetery at Yinxu, Shang China: New evidence from stable carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur isotope analysis. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 48:28-45.Flad R. 2016. Urbanism as technology in early China. Archaeological Research in Asia 2016/09/29.Jin ZY, Wu YJ, Fan AC, Yue ZW, Li G, Li SH, and Yan LF. 2015. Luminescence study of the initial, pre-casting firing temperatures of clay mould and core used for bronze casting at Yinxu (13c. BC~11c. BC). Quaternary Geochronology 30:374-380.Smith AT. 2010. The evidence for scribal training at Anyang. In: Li F, and Prager Banner D, editors. Writing and Literacy in Early China. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p 172 -208. Sun W-D, Zhang L-P, Guo J, Li C-Y, Jiang Y-H, Zartman RE, and Zhang Z-F. 2016. Origin of the mysterious Yin-Shang bronzes in China indicated by lead isotopes. Scientific Reports 6:23304.Wei S, Song G, and He Y. 2015. The identification of binding agent used in late Shang Dynasty turquoise-inlayed bronze objects excavated in Anyang. Journal of Archaeological Science 59:211-218.Zhang H, Merrett DC, Jing Z, Tang J, He Y, Yue H, Yue Z, and Yang DY. 2016. Osteoarchaeological Studies of Human Systemic Stress of Early Urbanization in Late Shang at Anyang, China. PLOS ONE 11(4):e0151854.Zhang H, Merrett DC, Jing Z, Tang J, He Y, Yue H, Yue Z, and Yang DY. 2017. Osteoarthritis, labour division, and occupational specialization of the Late Shang China - insights from Yinxu (ca. 1250-1046 B.C.). PLOS ONE 12(5):e0176329.

Markting plane project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Markting plane project - Essay Example This offers a tremendous opportunity for the sale of optimum whey protein to the market. Consumers have become price conscious and have developed a need for affordable health products. Optimum whey protein will meet such a need by offering the products at cost effective prices. Recent market research studies indicate that consumers are also very conscious of their health and the content of what they consume (Brewer 95). Optimum whey protein contains high levels of proteins and less of carbohydrates which maintain good health. It also has very few side effects on consumers hence favorable for consumption. In recent years, consumers in the market for health products have shifted their preferences to demand more of products with natural tastes. The consumers have also increased their demand for products with high levels of proteins as they aim to boost their health. This is a wonderful opportunity for optimum whey protein to thrive because it contains high levels of proteins and low levels of carbohydrates. There has also been the entrance of new health products which have increased competition in the market. In the last five years, there has been increase in the demand for optimum whey protein among young professionals. This can be attributed to the fact that most of them are making efforts to keep their bodies healthy. The growth of the market for optimum whey protein is estimated to be about 5 percent each year. This growth has been consistent in the last five years and analysts record that the market may grow by 7 percent in the next five years (Brewer 57). The market growth has been characterized by increases in demand especially among athletes in the field of body building. The product has recorded an increase in usage among body building athletes because it contains high levels of protein, which is an important supplement for body builders. Clients in the market for health products consider a

How to Make local company international Research Paper

How to Make local company international - Research Paper Example In Saudization the Advance Electronic Company is a leader. In all areas of business and the community the highest integrity has been maintained consistently by the Advance Electronic Company. The Advance Electronic Company is considered as a strategic asset by the Saudi Arabian Government. The recognition as the leading technology solutions provider in the region is the vision of the Advance Electronic Company. The continuous improvement and diversification of the companies’ offerings by alignment of its business strategies with the end customers’ priorities, creation of long-term partnership, harness the opportunities, acquirement of new capabilities, investment I the people and community at large is the mission of the Advance Electronic Company. The Advance Electronic Company aims to be the leader across all the business of the company and to act in the most professional way in an ethical manner. The Advance Electronic Company has access to the   Ã‚  world class and local manufacturing, repair, engineering and maintenance. It also has the access at its facilities to the complete solution deployment capabilities. The access of the Advance Electronic Company to other distribution networks, customers and markets are rapid and easy. As a result, to the highly specialized services, offers and opportunities, the Advance Electronic Company acts as a gateway. An in-depth understanding of the Dynamics and structure of the Saudi and international electronics market is possessed by the Advance Electronic Company. The superior engineering and technical capabilities of the company has helped it to forge close working relationships with many renowned international OEMs. The end-to-end customer support of the Advance Electronic Company, its reliability and its ability to deliver on time and to budget are excellent. the Advance Electronic Company successfully operates in the Industrial business, Military, & Telecom sectors and has shown leadership in it. The service package provided to the customers by the Advance Electronic Company is aimed at standard as complete satisfaction and quality. More than 2000 people are encompassed in the Advance Electronic Company team with a variety of skills, qualifications and experience.  The first company to receive the AS 9100-A2001 certificate in the Middle East and Africa was the Advance Electronic Company.    (Advanced Electronic Company, n.d.) 2.0 Market Penetrated Political system, economical system and the legal system of the host country- The Advance Electronic Company plans to enter Romania as its host country. Romania is an ideal country to expand the business as the country adheres to maintain its openness to the global commerce and business regulation efficiency. Romania is a member of the European Union. By filtering the economies active on the market, Romania has further scope of the attractively /improvement of the Romanian business environment - The political System- Rule of Law Th e major political effects on a business are the political policies of a nation, its stability and the taxes imposed by it on the business. A flat 16 percent tax rate is implemented in both the income and corporate sectors in Romania. An environmental tax and a value added tax are included in other taxes. 26.5 % of the total domestic business equals to the overall tax burden.